海纜基礎建設之公私協力關係─以美澳日三方投資為例
（本文作者：拓墣產業研究院）
為提升印太地區數位與能源基礎設施發展，美國、澳洲與日本等三國於2018年宣布建立三方基礎設施夥伴關係（Trilateral Infrastructure Partnership）[1]，由美國國際開發金融公司（U.S. International Development Financial Corporation, DFC）[2]、澳洲外交貿易部（Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, DFAT）、澳洲出口融資公司（Export Finance Australia, EFA）[3]、日本國際協力銀行（Japan Bank for International Cooperation, JBIC）[4]為代表，簽訂印太地區合作之諒解備忘錄（Memorandum of Understanding, MOU），建立基礎建設基金，為該地區基礎建設計畫提供援助[5]。本文將聚焦此份夥伴關係所推動之海纜基礎建設計畫，分析其結構、融資方案與公私部門在海纜投資項目的權利義務關係，供我國參酌。
美、澳、日期望透過三方基礎設施夥伴關係與印太地區政府、投資者、及基礎設施業者合作[6]，研議電氣化、數位連結等基礎設施專案之發展，並提供負債融資、補助與技術支援等幫助[7]，以建置符合當地需求之建設，並降低地方政府面臨無法負擔鉅額負債之風險[8]。
在海纜方面，目前該夥伴關係已推動之計畫包含帛琉海纜（Palau Cable 2, PC 2）、東密克羅尼西亞海纜（East Micronesia Cable）及夏威基．努伊（Hawaiki Nui）海纜等，相關說明如下。
（一） 帛琉海纜
美國、澳洲與日本於2020年宣布，將共同合作布設帛琉海底電纜（Palau Cable 2, PC 2），為三方基礎設施夥伴關係首次推出之工程[9]。該海纜為帛琉當地第二條國際通信海纜，長約110公里，將與Google、Meta 與XL Axiata 共同布建之Echo海底電纜系統介接（如下圖）[10]，作為Eco連結至帛琉之支線，透過此支線之建置，將串接美國、印尼與新加坡，以俾利提供帛琉海纜資源之備援及提高網路韌性。PC 2將於帛琉Ngardmau港口登陸，經歷第一次的完工延宕之後，預計延至2025年完工[11]。
資料來源：TeleGeography, 2024. Submarine Cable Map – Echo https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/echo
帛琉海纜（PC 2）是由帛琉海底電纜公司（Belau Submarine Cable Corporation, BSCC）主導布設與營運[12]，該公司於2015年成立，由帛琉政府100%持股，且根據相關法規規定，公司成立10年內不得開放外界加入持股，或以公私協力（public-private partnership, PPP）等執行相關規劃[13]。
故，帛琉海纜之合作建設方式是由帛琉海底電纜公司（BSCC）將相關工程以合約發包予相關業者，包含電纜系統由日本電子系統供應商日本電氣（NEC）負責，以及海纜登陸站則由澳洲資料中心供應商DXN有限公司建置[14]。
在經費部分，帛琉海纜系統布設耗資約3,000萬美元[15]，除了BSCC出資近100萬美元外[16]，其餘部分則分別由澳洲、美國、日本支援（如下表），以下分別說明之。
|
國家 |
金額 |
提供單位/來源 |
性質 |
|
帛琉 |
100萬 |
帛琉海底電纜公司（BSCC） |
- |
|
美國 |
380萬 |
美國國際開發署（USAID） |
贈款 |
|
80萬 |
諮詢交易基金（TAF） |
贈款 |
|
|
700萬 |
《帛琉協定審查協議》 |
贈款 |
|
|
澳洲 |
1,000萬 |
澳洲太平洋基礎設施融資基金（AIFFP） |
贈款（140萬） 貸款（860萬） |
|
56萬 |
澳洲國際開發署（AUSAID） |
贈款 |
|
|
日本 |
400萬 |
日本國際協力銀行（JBIC） |
貸款 |
|
400萬 |
三井住友銀行（SMBC） |
貸款 |
註：本研究交叉比對各國政府公開資料與報告，各方經費項目仍有微小出入。
1、 美國
美國政府對於帛琉海纜的援助始於美國國際開發署（U.S. Agency for International Development, USAID）與澳洲外交貿易部（DFAT）所簽訂之「捐助捐贈者（donor-to-donor, D2D）」協議[17]，美國政府並於後以公開說明文件表示，此項援助分別由美國國際開發署（USAID）資助380萬美元，以及諮詢交易基金（Transaction Advisory Fund, TAF）提供80萬美元投入[18]。
USAID負責主導美國政府於2018年啟動之「基礎建設交易與協助網（The Infrastructure Transaction and Assistance Network, ITAN）」倡議，旨在推動印太地區的永續、透明與高品質之基礎設施，以協助印太地區合作對象強化專案管理能力，以促進私部門之投資。爰此，USAID執行ITAN旗下之「交易顧問基金（Transaction Advisory Fund, TAF）」提供基礎設施發展所需之援助，如法律服務、可行性研究、債務永續性分析等[19]。
而於此份帛琉海纜案例中，美國政府提供專案管理與法律諮詢服務，監督該條海纜建設與營運，並協助協調澳洲與日本所提供近1,900萬美元之投資[20]。
除此之外，美國政府亦擬根據其與帛琉政府所簽訂之《帛琉協定審查協議（Palau Compact Review Agreement）》，提供700萬美元補助援助資金於此項海纜建設[21]。
2、 澳洲
澳洲計劃透過太平洋基礎設施融資基金（Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific, AIFFP）援助逾1,000萬美元，其中包括140萬美元贈款，以及約860萬美元之貸款[22]。另外，澳洲政府國際開發署（Australian Agency For International Development, AUSAID）亦藉由雙邊贈款提供56萬美元[23][24]。
而欲申請太平洋基礎設施融資基金（AIFFP）者，須符合以下條件，包括：（1）為東帝汶（Timor-Leste）或太平洋島國論壇（Pacific Islands Forum region, PIF）之成員國（不包含澳洲、紐西蘭）；（2）須具廣泛公共利益或對地主國家經濟發展具變革性的影響力；（3）須強化澳洲與夥伴國家之關係，確保該地區穩定與繁榮[25]。
然而，AIFFP並未就此融資基金之申請提出制式申請表，其將依據申請者所提供之資訊，就下列四個項目進行評估：
˙ 財務與商業細節：包含放貸價值、專案的相關商業案例及詳細的財務模型等；
˙ 專案合作方之詳細資訊與貢獻：如股權投資者、其他提供債務融資之機構或個人（即債權人）、工程業者、採購及主要承購商（off-takers）；
˙ 專案之經濟、發展影響、預期受益者之資訊：包括氣候變遷、抗災能力、性別平等與社會包容性等；
˙ 保障性考量：如確保環境與社會風險之評估與規劃。
3、 日本
日本方面則分別由日本國際協力銀行（JBIC）與三井住友銀行（Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, SMBC）各提供400萬美元貸款[26]，共計800萬美元，旨在為帛琉海底電纜公司（BSCC）提供資金，以向NEC購買海底電纜相關設備[27]。其中，三井住友銀行（SMBC）提供之貸款將由具備日本官方性質之獨立行政法人－日本貿易保險（Nippon Export and Investment Insurance, NEXI）提供保險[28]。
至於日本國際協力銀行（JBIC）所提供之貸款，則將透過其特別營運帳戶（Special Operations Account）制度運作，其旨在支援日本企業在海外的基礎建設事業[29]。申貸資格包括該建設需有日本公司投資、出口等日本背景，而JBIC將依據個案情況，制定合適之利率與其他貸款條件[30]。
（二） 東密克羅尼西亞海纜
東密克羅尼西亞海纜系統（East Micronesia Cable System, EMCS）計畫於2022年起動工，將行經密克羅尼西亞聯邦（Federated State of Micronesia）、吉里巴斯（Kiribati）與諾魯（Nauru）等3國，全長約2,250公里，並將與既有海纜HANTRU-1連接（如下圖），預計於2025年完工[31]。
資料來源：NEC, 2023. NEC to supply East Micronesia Cable System (EMCS). https://www.nec.com/en/press/202306/global_20230606_02.html
東密克羅尼西亞海纜（EMCS）專案原先由世界銀行發起，中國華為子公司有意承接該案，惟該條海纜將透過HANTRU-1連結至擁有大量美國軍事資產的關島，因此引發外界擔憂[32]。最終，密克羅尼西亞聯邦、吉里巴斯、諾魯、澳洲、日本與美國發布六國聯合聲明，將由澳、日、美參國挹注資金並共同執行EMCS專案[33]（如下圖）。
|
國家 |
金額 |
性質 |
|
澳洲 |
6,500萬澳幣贈款（約4,461萬美元） |
贈款 |
|
美國 |
2,350萬 |
贈款 |
|
日本 |
39億日圓（約2,689萬美元） |
贈款 |
參考資料：本研究
在資金方面，EMCS耗資約為9,500萬美元，皆由澳洲、美國、日本3國以贈款形式進行資助[34]。澳洲透過太平洋基礎設施融資基金（AIFFP）主導融資及與各方協調，並提供6,500萬澳幣贈款（約4,461萬美元）[35]；美國則提供2,100萬美元[36]，並於後續追加250萬美元[37]。
日本政府亦表達願意承擔三分之一的經費[38]，藉由「經濟與社會發展計畫（Economic and Social Development Programme, ESDP）」分別向吉里巴斯提供24億日圓（約1,655萬美元）贈款[39]，以及諾魯15億日圓（約1,034萬美元）贈款[40]，用於海纜採購與建設，同時也將透過日本國際協力機構（Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA）提供必要技術支援[41]。
日本之經濟與社會發展計畫（ESDP）旨在援助發展中國家，促進其調整經濟結構，補助對象以與世界銀行等單位合作，致力促進經濟與社會發展之國家為主，而補助額度將以受補助國家之經濟狀況、與日本雙邊關係等因素做為考量基準[42]。
最後，在EMCS海纜所有權方面，將由三間國營企業共同持有並於當地營運，分別為[43]：
1. 密克羅尼西亞聯邦電信電纜公司（Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Cable Corporation, FSMTCC）：密克羅尼西亞聯邦國營電纜公司，負責裝設、維護該國光纖網路；
2. BwebwerikiNET有限公司：於吉里巴斯提供電信服務之國營零售服務業者（Retail Service Providers, RSP）；
3. 諾魯光纖電纜公司（Nauru Fibre Cable Corporation）：提供諾魯網路服務之國營業者。
上述三家業者已針對該條海纜之營運與維護等內容，於2019年4月簽訂《建設與維護協議（Construction and Maintenance Agreement, C&MA）》，三方將以非法人合資企業（unincorporated joint venture）之形式，進行海纜之採購、建設、持有、營運、使用、維護與除役[44]。
而其他合作業者則與帛琉海纜相同，由NEC負責提供與布設海纜系統[45]，4座海纜登陸站由DXN有限公司建置[46]。
（三） 夏威基．努伊（Hawaiki Nui）海纜
Hawaiki Nui海纜於2024年起由新加坡民間業者BW Digital有限公司推動布設，將串連新加坡、印尼、澳洲等地（如下圖）[47]，並連接所羅門群島（Solomon Islands）、巴布亞紐幾內亞（Papua New Guinea）與東帝汶（Timor Leste）等太平洋國家[48]，預計於2027年完工。
資料來源：BW Digital, n.d. Hawaiki Nui. https://www.bw-digital.com/projects/hawaiki-nui/
目前，澳洲太平洋基礎設施融資基金（AIFFP）已與BW Digital旗下子公司Hawaiki Nui Submarine Cable LP簽署協議，將提供3,730萬澳幣（約2,577萬美元）[49]，其中50%將用於布設該海纜支線（branching unit）[50]，另一半資金用於該條海纜容量之「不可廢除使用權（Indefeasible Right of Use, IRU）」，合約期限至2041年底[51]。
美國政府則表示，將與澳洲共同投資6,500萬美元，用於開發位在太平洋海島國家的海纜，包括Hawaiki Nui海纜[52]，以及Google所建設之Honomoana海纜等[53]，但日本則未就此發布相關消息。
綜整帛琉海纜、東密克羅尼西亞海纜及Hawaiki Nui海纜的投資、建設情形，比較結果如下表。
|
項目 |
帛琉海纜 |
東密克羅尼西亞海纜 |
夏威基．努伊海纜太平洋海島支線 |
|
位置 |
帛琉 |
密克羅尼西亞聯邦、吉里巴斯、諾魯 |
所羅門群島、巴布亞紐幾內亞、東帝汶 |
|
連結 海纜 |
Echo海底電纜 |
HANTRU-1海纜 |
|
|
出資國 |
帛琉、澳洲 美國、日本 |
澳洲、美國、日本 |
澳洲、美國 |
|
經費 |
約3,000萬美元 |
約9,500萬美元 |
尚未公布 |
|
性質 |
貸款、贈款 |
贈款 |
尚未公布 |
|
海纜 持有 業者 |
國營業者： 帛琉海底電纜公司 |
國營業者： 密克羅尼西亞聯邦電信電纜公司、BwebwerikiNET有限公司、 諾魯光纖電纜公司 |
民間業者 BW Digital有限公司 |
|
合作 業者 |
NEC、DXN |
NEC、DXN |
尚未公布 |
資料來源：本研究
註：Hawaiki Nui海纜於2024年推動，相關資訊尚未公布完全。
以融資層面觀之，帛琉海纜與東密克羅尼西亞海纜經費來源皆來自澳洲、美國、日本等三國，但不同的是，帛琉海纜之經費來源大部分來自貸款，後者則全數為贈款。
另外，觀察各國提供資金之方式，澳洲固定以AIFFP為主要提供經費單位，美國與日本提供經費之管道則較為不一定，然其皆對於融資對象有所限制，例如須為印太地區國家、基礎建設等。
在公私合作夥伴關係（PPP）方面，僅有夏威基．努伊海纜是由民間業者負責推動建設，帛琉海纜與東密克羅尼西亞海纜等2條海纜皆是由國營業者進行，除以工程發包方式與NEC、DXN等民間業者合作外，較無公私部門權利義務分配關係。
而根據現有資訊，已知澳洲AIFFP針對夏威基．努伊海纜與業者簽訂海纜布設資金與容量不可廢除使用權的相關合約，後續是否有其他國家加入合作，仍有待觀察。
雖目前三方基礎設施夥伴關係下僅有些許與PPP相關的海纜建設資訊，然而，澳洲、美國、日本等國正強化對太平洋國家基礎建設投資之力道，包括規劃推出小額信貸基金（Microfinance Facility）、實施「藍點網路基礎設施倡議（Blue Dot Network infrastructure initiative）」等[54]，預計未來海纜公私合作之案例將陸續增加，我國政府可持續關注。
AIFFP, 2021. East Micronesia Cable Projec. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-01/business_case_-_east_micronesia_cable.pdf
AIFFP, n.d. Applying for financing. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/financing
AIFFP, n.d. Connecting the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati and Nauru to the internet via submarine cable. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/investments/investment-list/connecting-the-federated-states-of-micronesia-kiribati-and-nauru-to-the-internet-via-submarine-cable
AIFFP, n.d. Expanding digital connectivity in Palau via a submarine cable system. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/investments/investment-list/expanding-digital-connectivity-in-palau-via-a-submarine-cable-system
AusTender, 2023. Contract Notice View - CN4015392. https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/ce26fbda-6238-4841-b2ea-807e6a5a0692
AusTender, 2023. Contract Notice View - CN4015393. https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/49c92379-59df-40c6-b7c4-371ad6919e10
Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d. Memorandum of Understanding for International Development Cooperation between the United States Agency for International Development and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/countries/united-states-america/mou-international-development-cooperation-between-usaid-and-dfat
BSCC, n.d. Background of Belau Submarine Cable Corporation. https://belaucable.com/about
BSCC, n.d. BSCC Business Plan 2023 - 2027. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/588a909986e6c024ec0412ea/t/63644e2089ce7f491869f622/1667517988521/221006+FY+2023+BSCC+Business+Plan+v+2.2+clean.pdf
BW Digital, n.d. Hawaiki Nui. https://www.bw-digital.com/projects/hawaiki-nui/
DCD, 2024. Australia's DXN to deliver four cable landing stations for EMCS cable in Pacific Islands. https://direct.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/australias-dxn-to-deliver-four-cable-landing-stations-for-emcs-cable-in-pacific-islands/
Embassy of Japan in Kiribati, 2023. Signing of Exchange of Notes for the "East Micronesia Cable Project" under Japan’s "Economic and Social Development Programme" grant aid to the Republic of Kiribati. https://www.fj.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/11_000001_00664.html
Embassy of Japan in Nauru, 2023. Signing of Exchange of Notes for the "East Micronesia Cable Project" under Japan’s "Economic and Social Development Programme" grant aid to the Republic of Nauru.. https://www.fj.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/11_000001_00665.html
Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Fiji, n.d. Non-Project Grant Aid (NPGA) and Economic and Social Development Programme (ESDP). https://www.fj.emb-japan.go.jp/eco_corporation/fiji/fiji_ESDP.html
Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Palau, 2021. Groundbreaking Ceremony for the Land Cable Station under the Second Palau Submarine Cable Project. https://www.palau.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/11_000001_00348.html
EMCS, n.d. About. https://www.eastmicronesiacable.com/about-english
EMCS, n.d. The Project. https://www.eastmicronesiacable.com/the-project
Export Finance Australia, 2019. Trilateral Infrastructure Partnership Joint Statement. https://www.exportfinance.gov.au/newsroom/trilateral-infrastructure-partnership-joint-statement/
Island Times, 2021. Palau second cable breaks ground today. https://islandtimes.org/palau-second-cable-breaks-ground-today/
itnews, 2023. Australia puts $37m into Hawaiki Nui cable system. https://www.itnews.com.au/news/australia-puts-37m-into-hawaiki-nui-cable-system-602583
JBIC, 2016. Strengthening of JBIC's Functions and Organizational Realignment. https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/news/news-2016/1003-50688.html
JBIC, 2021. Buyer’s Credit for State-Owned Submarine Cable Corporation of Palau. https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/press/press-2020/0114-014143.html
JBIC, n.d. Preparation for the Uncertainty. https://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/INPEX/event/2018-12-03/i/JBIC_hamamatsu.pdf
Lexology, 2018. Backing infrastructure investment in the Indo-Pacific: The trilateral Australia-Japan-United States partnership. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c6377f39-b2f9-4117-b139-01235bb941d9
Minister for Foreign Affairs, 2020. Australia partnering with Japan and the United States to finance Palau undersea cable. https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-partnering-japan-and-united-states-finance-palau-undersea-cable
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, n.d. Joint Statement of The Governments of Australia, Japan, And the United States of America on the Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment in the Indo-Pacific. https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000420368.pdf
Nauru Bulletin, 2024. NZ deputy PM visit resets cooperation. http://www.nauru.gov.nr/media/201611/nauru_bulletin__11_8jul2024__276___1_.pdf
NEC, 2023. NEC to supply East Micronesia Cable System (EMCS). https://www.nec.com/en/press/202306/global_20230606_02.html
NEXI, 2021. Republic of Palau / Loan insurance for undersea cable export. https://www.nexi.go.jp/en/topics/newsrelease/2021011301.html
PR Newswire, 2024. BW Digital and Telin join forces to build Hawaiki Nui 1 submarine cable system and boost connectivity around Indonesia and Australia. https://www.prnewswire.com/apac/news-releases/bw-digital-and-telin-join-forces-to-build-hawaiki-nui-1-submarine-cable-system-and-boost-connectivity-around-indonesia-and-australia-302145973.html
Reuters, 2021. EXCLUSIVE Pacific undersea cable project sinks after U.S. warns against Chinese bid. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-pacific-undersea-cable-project-sinks-after-us-warns-against-chinese-2021-06-18/
Saipan Tribune, 2021. Australia, Japan, US to fund undersea internet cable for FSM, Kiribati, Nauru. https://www.saipantribune.com/news/local/australia-japan-us-to-fund-undersea-internet-cable-for-fsm-kiribati-nauru/article_9f523861-f49d-5374-bef9-f0751d1e79e9.html
Submarine Networks, 2023. Autralian Government Grants AU$37.3m for Hawaiki Nui to Connect Pacific Islands. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/hawaiki-nui/hawaiki-nui-to-connect-pacific-islands
Submarine Networks, 2024. Submarine Networks. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/palau-cable-2/palau-s-2nd-cable-echo-palau-branch-delayed-to-2025
TeleGeography, 2024. Submarine Cable Map – Echo https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/echo
The White House, 2023. FACT SHEET: Delivering on the Next Generation of Innovation and Partnership with Australia. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/25/fact-sheet-delivering-on-the-next-generation-of-innovation-and-partnership-with-australia/
The White House, 2023. FACT SHEET: Enhancing the U.S.-Pacific Islands Partnership. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/09/25/fact-sheet-enhancing-the-u-s-pacific-islands-partnership/
U.S. Department Of State Office Of The Spokesperson, 2024. Final V. 4 - Indo-Pacific Strategy Second Anniversary Fact Sheet. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Indo-Pacific-Strategy-Second-Anniversary-Fact-Sheet.pdf
U.S. Department of State, 2020. The United States Partners with Australia and Japan to Expand Reliable and Secure Digital Connectivity in Palau. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-partners-with-australia-and-japan-to-expand-reliable-and-secure-digital-connectivity-in-palau/
U.S. Department of the Interior, 2020. Trump Administration Approves Use of $7 Million in Compact Funding to Support Palau Telecommunications Security and Resiliency. https://www.doi.gov/oia/press/trump-administration-approves-use-7-million-compact-funding-support-palau
United States government, 2020. The United States Partners with Australia and Japan to Expand Reliable and Secure Digital Connectivity in Palau. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-partners-with-australia-and-japan-to-expand-reliable-and-secure-digital-connectivity-in-palau/
USAID, 2022. Advancing Sustainable Infrastructure. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/USAID%20ITAN%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%202022_1.pdf
USAID, 2022. IPS ITAN FY 2021 Annual Report: Summary of Results. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZK4H.pdf
USAID, 2022. IPS ITAN FY 2021 Annual Report: Summary of Results. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZK4H.pdf
陳沛君，2024。以日本JBIC為例，探討如何運用政策性金融機構參與支援戰略產業之發展。https://www.tpefx.com.tw/uploads/download/tw/V7.pdf
經濟部，2022。澳大利亞投資環境簡介。https://investtaiwan.nat.gov.tw/eBook/Environment/111/111-27/mobile/index.html#p=90
駐美國台北經濟文化代表處，2024。台美完成簽署「國際發展合作瞭解備忘錄」。https://www.roc-taiwan.org/us/post/15206.html
[1] Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d. Memorandum of Understanding for International Development Cooperation between the United States Agency for International Development and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/countries/united-states-america/mou-international-development-cooperation-between-usaid-and-dfat
[2] 為美國聯邦政府的開發金融機構，主要提供借貸、保證、直接資本投資及保險予參與發展援助計畫之私部門。資料來源：駐美國台北經濟文化代表處，2024。台美完成簽署「國際發展合作瞭解備忘錄」。https://www.roc-taiwan.org/us/post/15206.html
[3] 為澳國官方提供出口信用之機構，旨在協助澳洲企業（包括中小企業）赴新興國家出口拓銷或投資，提供之服務包括貸款、出口融資保證、信用擔保、貨款保險。資料來源：經濟部，2022。澳大利亞投資環境簡介。https://investtaiwan.nat.gov.tw/eBook/Environment/111/111-27/mobile/index.html#p=90
[4] 日本政府100%持股之政策性金融機構，業務包括貸款、公債或公司債等，以促進日本在海外重要資源的開發與獲取。資料來源：陳沛君，2024。以日本JBIC為例，探討如何運用政策性金融機構參與支援戰略產業之發展。https://www.tpefx.com.tw/uploads/download/tw/V7.pdf
[5] Lexology, 2018. Backing infrastructure investment in the Indo-Pacific: The trilateral Australia-Japan-United States partnership. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c6377f39-b2f9-4117-b139-01235bb941d9
[6] Lexology, 2018. Backing infrastructure investment in the Indo-Pacific: The trilateral Australia-Japan-United States partnership. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c6377f39-b2f9-4117-b139-01235bb941d9
[7] Export Finance Australia, 2019. Trilateral Infrastructure Partnership Joint Statement. https://www.exportfinance.gov.au/newsroom/trilateral-infrastructure-partnership-joint-statement/
[8] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, n.d. Joint Statement of The Governments of Australia, Japan, And the United States of America on the Trilateral Partnership for Infrastructure Investment in the Indo-Pacific. https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000420368.pdf
[9] Minister for Foreign Affairs, 2020. Australia partnering with Japan and the United States to finance Palau undersea cable. https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-partnering-japan-and-united-states-finance-palau-undersea-cable
[10] Echo海底電纜系統橫跨新加坡至美國，為世界上最長的海底電纜。資料來源：U.S. Department of State, 2020. The United States Partners with Australia and Japan to Expand Reliable and Secure Digital Connectivity in Palau. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-partners-with-australia-and-japan-to-expand-reliable-and-secure-digital-connectivity-in-palau/
[11]Submarine Networks, 2024. Submarine Networks. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/palau-cable-2/palau-s-2nd-cable-echo-palau-branch-delayed-to-2025
[12]United States government, 2020. The United States Partners with Australia and Japan to Expand Reliable and Secure Digital Connectivity in Palau. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-partners-with-australia-and-japan-to-expand-reliable-and-secure-digital-connectivity-in-palau/
[13]BSCC, n.d. Background of Belau Submarine Cable Corporation. https://belaucable.com/about
[14]Island Times, 2021. Palau second cable breaks ground today. https://islandtimes.org/palau-second-cable-breaks-ground-today/
[15]公開預算約3,000萬美金，但依各國官方資料揭示金額統計達3,116萬美元，此與匯率計算等因素有關。
[16]United States government, 2020. The United States Partners with Australia and Japan to Expand Reliable and Secure Digital Connectivity in Palau. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-partners-with-australia-and-japan-to-expand-reliable-and-secure-digital-connectivity-in-palau/
[17]USAID, 2022. IPS ITAN FY 2021 Annual Report: Summary of Results. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZK4H.pdf
[18]United States government, 2020. The United States Partners with Australia and Japan to Expand Reliable and Secure Digital Connectivity in Palau. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-states-partners-with-australia-and-japan-to-expand-reliable-and-secure-digital-connectivity-in-palau/
[19]USAID, 2022. Advancing Sustainable Infrastructure. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/USAID%20ITAN%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%202022_1.pdf
[20]USAID, 2022. IPS ITAN FY 2021 Annual Report: Summary of Results. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZK4H.pdf
[21]U.S. Department of the Interior, 2020. Trump Administration Approves Use of $7 Million in Compact Funding to Support Palau Telecommunications Security and Resiliency. https://www.doi.gov/oia/press/trump-administration-approves-use-7-million-compact-funding-support-palau
[22]Minister for Foreign Affairs, 2020. Australia partnering with Japan and the United States to finance Palau undersea cable. https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/australia-partnering-japan-and-united-states-finance-palau-undersea-cable
[23]AIFFP, n.d. Expanding digital connectivity in Palau via a submarine cable system. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/investments/investment-list/expanding-digital-connectivity-in-palau-via-a-submarine-cable-system
[24]BSCC, n.d. BSCC Business Plan 2023 - 2027. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/588a909986e6c024ec0412ea/t/63644e2089ce7f491869f622/1667517988521/221006+FY+2023+BSCC+Business+Plan+v+2.2+clean.pdf
[25]AIFFP, n.d. Applying for financing. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/financing
[26]Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Palau, 2021. Groundbreaking Ceremony for the Land Cable Station under the Second Palau Submarine Cable Project. https://www.palau.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/11_000001_00348.html
[27]JBIC, 2021. Buyer’s Credit for State-Owned Submarine Cable Corporation of Palau. https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/press/press-2020/0114-014143.html
[28]NEXI, 2021. Republic of Palau / Loan insurance for undersea cable export. https://www.nexi.go.jp/en/topics/newsrelease/2021011301.html
[29]JBIC, 2016. Strengthening of JBIC's Functions and Organizational Realignment. https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/news/news-2016/1003-50688.html
[30]JBIC, n.d. Preparation for the Uncertainty. https://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/INPEX/event/2018-12-03/i/JBIC_hamamatsu.pdf
[31]EMCS, n.d. The Project. https://www.eastmicronesiacable.com/the-project
[32]Reuters, 2021. EXCLUSIVE Pacific undersea cable project sinks after U.S. warns against Chinese bid. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-pacific-undersea-cable-project-sinks-after-us-warns-against-chinese-2021-06-18/
[33]Saipan Tribune, 2021. Australia, Japan, US to fund undersea internet cable for FSM, Kiribati, Nauru. https://www.saipantribune.com/news/local/australia-japan-us-to-fund-undersea-internet-cable-for-fsm-kiribati-nauru/article_9f523861-f49d-5374-bef9-f0751d1e79e9.html
[34]AIFFP, 2021. East Micronesia Cable Projec. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-01/business_case_-_east_micronesia_cable.pdf
[35]AIFFP, n.d. Connecting the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati and Nauru to the internet via submarine cable. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/investments/investment-list/connecting-the-federated-states-of-micronesia-kiribati-and-nauru-to-the-internet-via-submarine-cable
[36]U.S. Department Of State Office Of The Spokesperson, 2024. Final V. 4 - Indo-Pacific Strategy Second Anniversary Fact Sheet. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Indo-Pacific-Strategy-Second-Anniversary-Fact-Sheet.pdf
[37]The White House, 2023. FACT SHEET: Enhancing the U.S.-Pacific Islands Partnership. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/09/25/fact-sheet-enhancing-the-u-s-pacific-islands-partnership/
[38]AIFFP, 2021. East Micronesia Cable Projec. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-01/business_case_-_east_micronesia_cable.pdf
[39]Embassy of Japan in Kiribati, 2023. Signing of Exchange of Notes for the "East Micronesia Cable Project" under Japan’s "Economic and Social Development Programme" grant aid to the Republic of Kiribati. https://www.fj.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/11_000001_00664.html
[40]Embassy of Japan in Nauru, 2023. Signing of Exchange of Notes for the "East Micronesia Cable Project" under Japan’s "Economic and Social Development Programme" grant aid to the Republic of Nauru.. https://www.fj.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/11_000001_00665.html
[41]Nauru Bulletin, 2024. NZ deputy PM visit resets cooperation. http://www.nauru.gov.nr/media/201611/nauru_bulletin__11_8jul2024__276___1_.pdf
[42]Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Fiji, n.d. Non-Project Grant Aid (NPGA) and Economic and Social Development Programme (ESDP). https://www.fj.emb-japan.go.jp/eco_corporation/fiji/fiji_ESDP.html
[43]EMCS, n.d. About. https://www.eastmicronesiacable.com/about-english
[44]AIFFP, 2021. East Micronesia Cable Projec. https://www.aiffp.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-01/business_case_-_east_micronesia_cable.pdf
[45]NEC, 2023. NEC to supply East Micronesia Cable System (EMCS). https://www.nec.com/en/press/202306/global_20230606_02.html
[46]DCD, 2024. Australia's DXN to deliver four cable landing stations for EMCS cable in Pacific Islands. https://direct.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/australias-dxn-to-deliver-four-cable-landing-stations-for-emcs-cable-in-pacific-islands/
[47]BW Digital, n.d. Hawaiki Nui. https://www.bw-digital.com/projects/hawaiki-nui/
[48]PR Newswire, 2024. BW Digital and Telin join forces to build Hawaiki Nui 1 submarine cable system and boost connectivity around Indonesia and Australia. https://www.prnewswire.com/apac/news-releases/bw-digital-and-telin-join-forces-to-build-hawaiki-nui-1-submarine-cable-system-and-boost-connectivity-around-indonesia-and-australia-302145973.html
[49]Submarine Networks, 2023. Autralian Government Grants AU$37.3m for Hawaiki Nui to Connect Pacific Islands. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/hawaiki-nui/hawaiki-nui-to-connect-pacific-islands
[50]AusTender, 2023. Contract Notice View - CN4015392. https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/ce26fbda-6238-4841-b2ea-807e6a5a0692
[51]AusTender, 2023. Contract Notice View - CN4015393. https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/49c92379-59df-40c6-b7c4-371ad6919e10
[52]The White House, 2023. FACT SHEET: Delivering on the Next Generation of Innovation and Partnership with Australia. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/25/fact-sheet-delivering-on-the-next-generation-of-innovation-and-partnership-with-australia/
[53]itnews, 2023. Australia puts $37m into Hawaiki Nui cable system. https://www.itnews.com.au/news/australia-puts-37m-into-hawaiki-nui-cable-system-602583
[54]The White House, 2023. FACT SHEET: Delivering on the Next Generation of Innovation and Partnership with Australia. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/25/fact-sheet-delivering-on-the-next-generation-of-innovation-and-partnership-with-australia/
（本刊言論為作者之意見，不代表數位發展部立場）